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Plan Kathleen, sometimes referred to as Artus Plan, was a military plan for the invasion of Northern Ireland sanctioned by Stephen Hayes, Acting Irish Republican Army (IRA) Chief of Staff, in 1940.〔"Plan Kathleen" was the name given to the plan by Abwehr agent Hermann Görtz, all other German documentation referred to the document as "Artus Plan". Since "Plan Kathleen" is most commonly used to refer to the plan it is used as the title for the article. For sake of brevity, here it is referred to simply as "Kathleen".〕 Plan Kathleen is frequently confused with Operation ''Green'', the German military plan to invade Ireland drawn up in 1940. ==Immediate context== Kathleen took place in the context of then IRA Chief of Staff, Seán Russell, being ''incommunicado'' in the United States as he pursued the propaganda arm of the S-Plan. Russell was attempting to arrange passage to Berlin (see Operation Dove), having left Stephen Hayes as Acting Chief of Staff back in Ireland. While Russell's movements were unknown to Hayes, he sanctioned the drawing up an invasion plan to end partition and reunify the island of Ireland. The plan was written by an IRA volunteer called Liam Gaynor.〔For Gaynor's involvement see Fisk P.348-349〕 Gaynor created the plan in early 1940, sometime before it was decided to send the plan to Nazi Germany via courier. Hayes had a couple of reasons for doing this; he wanted German assistance for IRA operations in Ireland, and he wanted to re-establish the IRA link with German Intelligence (''Abwehr'') to secure arms and money.〔See Bowyer Bell P.184-185. There is some indication that Hayes was attempting to usurp Russell with this move, although with no way to contact him and probably acting under orders to continue trying to foster links with Nazi Germany he acted on his own initiative. It is noteworthy however that in Abwehr war diary entries immediately after Held's visit on 3 May, Russell is described as "Sean Russell, former Adjutant to the IRA leader.."〕 The courier for transporting the plan to Germany was a Dublin businessman with German heritage named Stephen Carroll Held.〔Held was the illegitimate son of an Irish mother and adoptive German father, he was a middle class businessman who while sympathising with the IRA and their aims, was not an IRA volunteer; he had been chosen for the courier job because of his "clean sheet" with the authorities.〕 Held left for Germany and arrived on 20 April 1940. His first call was to the door of the first ''Abwehr'' contact in Ireland, Oscar Pfaus.〔See Stephen P. 107-108〕 Pfaus then took Held to Berlin to meet with Abwehr Section-Leader Kurt Haller. Held was instructed to produce a previous agreed means of identification that would prove that he was an emissary sent by the IRA.〔A torn in half pound note which had been given to Seamus O'Donovan in February 1939. The half Held carried would match the half in German possession.〕 During this first meeting, he did not meet Hermann Görtz, an ''Abwehr'' agent who was preparing to leave for Ireland, but he was introduced to him later.〔Görtz left on 5 May 140 as part of Operation Mainau, so he most likely took part in discussions on Kathleen.〕 Due to his nervousness, the ''Abwehr'' were suspicious and they found the plan he carried extremely amateurish.〔Haller eventually pulled a gun on Held due to his suspicions, and demanded that he confess to being a double agent, once Held broke down and protested his innocence the Abwehr found his story more believable, See Stephan P.109〕 His mission complete (delivering the plan and an invitation from Hayes for a German officer to be sent to Ireland), Held returned to Ireland two days later. The ''Abwehr'' II war diary briefly records the entire incident beginning 20 April 1940: "A personal emissary of the chief Irish agent (Jim (Seamus) O'Donovan) has arrived in Germany." Then on 24 April: "The representative sent from Ireland to Germany on behalf of Abwehr II's chief Irish agent departed according to plan on April 23 for Belgium by secret route."〔Stephen P 110〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Plan Kathleen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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